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Find: New articles Process step-by-step Working practicesLithprint materials update 2004.This article should be read in conjunction with the introduction to the Lith Printing process. It is based on 2 parts of a 5 part Lith printing series that I wrote earlier this year (2004) for 'Black & White Photography'.The first part lists the current lithable papers that I know of and use (about 60), together with some brief thoughts on how to choose them. The second part lists the Lith developers that I know of and have used, again with some thoughts on their use. There may be other suitable products that remain outside my experience.A newer addition to this materials list can be found as a pdf download hereCurrent status of suitable papers for Lith PrintingEmulsion changesKodalith paper and Sterling Lith paper were both much loved dedicated Lith papers. Both have been out of production now for years. The Kentona, Art Classic, Tapestry, Luminos emulsions changed when EEC laws restricted the use of cadmium in the manufacturing process. Although these papers were fine art warm tone general papers they had unique properties when Lith printed and then selenium toned. Although the new cadmium-free versions of these papers both print and Lith print very well they are quite different to the old and no longer have the multi-colour potential in selenium that their predecessors had. They remain excellent choices for the process as well as for conventional fine printing. Fotospeed Lith paper was originally Sterling Lith F. A new European paper replaced it when the Sterling factory in India was destroyed. This new version has also undergone emulsion changes designed to improve its Lith printing qualities and a new uncoated version has been launched this year. It is a very 'lithy' paper tending towards the graphic. Shadow areas often take on a gritty or rough textured appearance. Forte papers also underwent some emulsion changes just after my Lith printing book was released. They too still Lith print extremely well. Some of their fringe properties (bleach-back, bleach and redevelopment etc) may now be different to some of those described in the tables in the back of my Lith printing book. Changes in paper emulsions are a fact of life. We all know that printing papers are periodically changed for a variety of reasons and I know that more changes are on the way. There is no point in mourning what is gone - we simply have to deal with it and move on! Fortunately there is still an amazing choice available to us. Spoilt for choiceI have listed here nearly 60 current papers that can be used for Lith printing, many of them excellent and distinctive for one reason or another. Some are marketed under different names in different countries. As I have only included here papers from my darkroom there may be even more. Used with the different developers described here, you can see that we are still truly spoilt of choice. If that is not enough for you the list of useable papers becomes even bigger if you consider bleach and redevelopment in Lith developer. How to chooseAt first sight the choice may seem bewilderingly large. There are several considerations that may make your selection easier: Do you want an 'all round' paper for both Lith and general printing, or specific papers for each? Do you want a warm or cold tone image? Do you want fibre-based or resin-coated paper? Does the image need a graphic gritty coarse interpretation, or a gentle soft subtle one?
NOTE. Recommended Lith printable papersThere are simply too many good papers to review in great depth here and too many variations for each to cover in full, so here is a synopsis to guide you in your own experiments. The colours and effects listed are typical but often may be varied considerably by processing techniques. They are listed in alphabetical order rather than as a performance rating. The availability given is only a guide. Some may be more widely available than I have indicated here. FB papersBergger: France, available Europe, UK, USA. Lovely high quality general papers that also Lith print well. Have something of a cult following.
Cachet/fappco: USA. Treat as for Maco papers.
Classic Arts: Continental Europe. High quality general exhibition papers, superb in Lith developer. Process as Forte.
Foma: Czech Republic: Available Europe, UK (from Retro photographic), USA (from JandC and also Fotoimpex US). Super papers for Lith and also for general printing. All papers in range will Lith print. The best are.
Forte: Hungary. Available world-wide (labelling varies slightly). One of the world's outstanding quality exhibition papers. A huge range of emulsions and surfaces. They all Lith print. The warmtone papers may give chocolate or salmon/orange, depending on developer. The others more charcoal black on putty colours or mushroom pinky-beige.
Fotospeed: UK. Available world-wide.
Freestyle: USA (CA)
Ilford Available world-wide.
Kentmere: UK.
Luminos: (US). All the 'Classic' range have the same easily lith printable emulsion on a choice of white, cream, gloss, stipple, textured papers. Pinky-brown to 'cafe au lait' colours.
Maco: Germany. Available worldwide.
Moersch: German.
Oriental: Japan. Available worldwide. One of the finest, although expensive, enlarging papers made. Lith prints easily and well.
Tetenal.
RC papers
Current status of suitable developers for Lith PrintingReady made kitsThere are many differences between these kits. Size, cost, packaging, formulation, performance, the inclusion of additives and the presence (or absence!) of helpful instructions may all be important to you. Also, a newer concept has emerged. Only recently imported into the UK by Retrophotographic it is the combining of 2 separate developer stages, to give what might be termed a hybrid Lith process. I will describe this rather elegant process later. Here are some additional general points about using these developers: Formulation: An account of the chemistry of these developers and of the infectious development process that is responsible for the Lith printing effect is outside the scope of this article and can be found in my Lith printing book. Suffice it to say that they are highly alkaline hydroquinone developers, with very low sulphite levels. Sulphite is an anti-oxidation preservative, but it inhibits the all-important infectious development central to Lith printing. The relevance of this will become clear later, but a few other general points are worth making: With the exception of Speedibrews' Lithoprint, all current Lith developers come as 2 separate solutions A and B, mixed and diluted immediately before use. Unmixed they have a very long shelf life. Once mixed, they oxidise quickly and have a short working life. Also, higher dilutions have little active developing agent and small capacity. This can lead to sudden standstill in mid print unless replenished. Formaldehyde (or para-formaldehyde), a known carcinogen, is present in many lith developers and is associated with an odour in use. The new Lith developers from Moersch are formaldehyde free. Ratio: A and B are normally used in equal quantities but can be varied for fine-tuning results. Increasing the amount of A increases colour and contrast but exhausts faster. Extra B has the opposite effect. Dilution: Most Lith developers were designed for processing Lith film and their instructions may reflect this. Unless stated that the instructions are for Lith Printing the recommended working solutions are likely to be too strong and fast for this application. Increasing dilution by a factor of 3 is a good starting point for these. (A note of caution here: Dilution instructions vary with the make. Some are expressed as 1A+ 'X' water plus 1B + 'X' water. Some are 1A+1B+ 'X' water. Others like Moersch use 1+X, where the '1' is actually half A and half B. Read the instructions carefully but be prepared to experiment widely) Changing dilution has other effects too. Stronger developer will give the classical lith look of white, black and a coloured band in-between. Use high dilutions if you want the most colours available from that paper/developer combination, together with maximum differentiation of highlight tones and subtleties. Papers vary a lot in this respect. For example, the colour with Fomatone MG and Acugrade Warmtone changes completely from brown to salmon pink/orange as dilution increases, even higher dilutions giving soft romantic interpretations. Temperature: The normal development temperature is 20C but as this is a 'snatch' rather than a completion process higher temperatures to around 26C are not critical and just speed up the process. Hot lith at 30 - 40C, combined with extra dilution and exposure, can produce more colourful results with different characteristics that vary with the paper in use. These hotter solutions may give off more vapours, which can be unpleasant - especially with large trays. The emulsion is more vulnerable to damage however and should be handled with care. Drying and re-soaking is wise here before toning. 'Old brown': Fresh Lith developers generally give less interesting results, coming into their own after a few prints have passed through them. For this reason I bottle the well-used 'old brown' developer at the end of a session and add some of it to the next fresh mix (taking care not to mix brands). How much to add depends on the original dilution and on how old and brown it is. Try adding the same volume as A or B and experiment from there for the effect you like. Care: See warning below about OB and calculating dilution Additives: Apart from the A:B ratio, dilution, old brown and temperature there are other ways to doctor your Lith developer and two companies provide extra additives for this purpose - Fotospeed and Moersch. Both provide the preservative sodium sulphite and the restrainer potassium bromide (which will significantly extend development times) as optional additives. Amongst their uses is the control of chemical fog and out-of-control random infectious development. The latter still occurs with some papers in the form of 'pepper fogging' - a rash of tiny black spots - and what I call 'Black dot syndrome', the random occurrence of larger isolated black spots in light areas. These occur in susceptible papers (notably Bromofort) mostly in well-used and highly diluted developer, when sulphite levels fall too low. Adding sulphite usually cures this but adding too much will inhibit infectious development, giving weak blacks. Moersch also provides additional additives E and F (see 'Ready made Lith developers' below). Replenishment: As these dilute developers have both a low capacity and faster oxidation it can be necessary to replenish them. Take care not to do this often as the main qualities for a good lith effect get progressively off track in ways that simple replenishment cannot correct (see my Lith printing book for details). Either replenish with a little diluted developer every few prints, when the optimum effect has been achieved - or replenish once with concentrate when required. A second replenishment with concentrate usually gives poorer results and it is better to discard and replace, leaving some to act as 'old brown' for the fresh brew. As bromide builds up from each print in the developer do not use high bromide developers (like Easy Lith, or with bromide additive) for replenishment. Two-bath Lith and 'Hybrid' kits: Moersch PolychromeThese are two different approaches exploiting the same idea. The first uses two lith developer baths. The first is a stronger higher bromide mix, such as Easylith, which gives convincing separation of colder blacks. The second bath is highly diluted and 'mature' and imparts softer more colourful upper tones. Lithoprint also makes a good second bath here.
The second technique uses a different type of soft working developer for bath 2 and a slightly more complex routine. I like this concept and have used 'Polychrome' on a number of workshops now, where it has proved very popular. The first bath is the high bromide Easy Lith, used less diluted and without Old Brown. These factors maximise the development and early separation of cold blacks without concern for the formation of colourful detailed light and mid tones. The print must go into a stop bath (but not fix, therefore don't use the fix tongs here) at this snatch point to halt the rapidly progressing blacks. After a short wash the print is placed in the second developer 'Sienna'. This is an ultra soft-working non-lith developer, which cannot give decent blacks on its own but does produce wonderfully delicate and coloured light tones, which can be altered by the two additives included, ammonium chloride and a carbonate. The exact extent of the blacks therefore is controlled in the first bath alone, whilst all the delicate work takes place in the second bath - but remember to allow for the dry-down of these subtle tones. The untoned colours of these prints vary a lot with different papers and can be altered further by adjusting the additives included in the kit. Slightly increasing the ammonium chloride lowers pH and shifts colours towards yellow and olive hues. Adding carbonate raises pH, stimulates activity and moves colour towards red-brown. Caution must be exercised here as fogging easily occurs, in which case the bromide additive may counter this and can yield strong pinks, depending on the paper in use. A wide range of starting colours is therefore available, from blue-green or olive at one end to pink and brown at the other. Papers that give more neutral mushroom hues will colour up nicely in selenium or gold toners, to which these prints are very responsive.
Lith developers
Ready-made Lith developer kitsLarger volume products: Possibly too expensive for the low volume user or first time experimenter, although they will keep for years unmixed.
Smaller volume products:
Some main suppliers for lith printing materials:In the UK.
In the USA
UK/Europe: Buy 'The Master Photographer's Lith Printing Course' from Amazon.co.uk USA: Buy 'The Master Photographer's Lith Printing Course' from Amazon.com
by Tim Rudman UK/Europe: Buy 'The Master Photographer's Toning Course' from Amazon.co.uk USA: Buy 'The Master Photographer's Toning Course' from Amazon.com Looking for chemicals or kits?
is one of our recommended suppliers and ships worldwide.
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